Estonia

Country in Europe

In brief

Mobile subscriptions per 100 people: 151 (2024). World rank 31 of 210; in Europe, 5 of 47. Access to electricity: 100% (2024). World rank 1 of 214 (1 = best); in Europe, 1 of 47. Air passengers per year: 857 (2019). World rank 162 of 163; in Europe, 37 of 38. From 2015 to 2025: electricity use 6,482 → 6,161 (kWh per person) and electricity from fossil fuels 83.9% → 43.2%. Better than all its neighbours (Latvia and Russia): home broadband per 100 people, research spending, and researchers per million people. Worse than all its neighbours (Latvia and Russia): using the internet.

Internet and communications

Using the internet: 92.2% 2024
Mobile subscriptions per 100 people: 151 2024
Home broadband per 100 people: 35.4 2024
Internet domain: .ee

Energy

Access to electricity: 100% 2024
Electricity use, kWh per person: 6,161 2025
Renewable share of energy use: 38% 2021
Electricity from renewables: 40% 2021
Electricity from fossil fuels: 43.2% 2025
Mains voltage: 230 V
Plug types: C, F

Transport

Driving side: Right
Air passengers per year: 857 2019
Airports: 34 2025
Railways, km: 1,441 2020

Science and innovation

Research spending, share of GDP: 1.8% 2023
Researchers per million people: 4,800 2023
Scientific articles per year: 1,754 2023
Patent applications by residents: 27 2024
High-tech share of manufactured exports: 18.4% 2024