Estonia
Country in Europe
CountryScope
In brief
Population: 1.4M (2025). World rank 157 of 216; in Europe, 37 of 48. Area: 45,227 km². World rank 133 of 249; in Europe, 28 of 52. GDP per person: $34,418 (2025). World rank 50 of 210 (1 = best); in Europe, 27 of 47. From 2015 to 2025: population 1.3M → 1.4M, GDP $23.3B → $47B, and GDP per person $17,722 → $34,418. Better than all its neighbours (Latvia and Russia): life expectancy and GDP per person.
State
- Official name
- Republic of Estonia
- Local name
- Eesti
- Capital
- Tallinn
- Region
- Europe
- Form of government
- Parliamentary republic
- UN member
- Yes
- Head of state
- Ülle Madise
- Head of government
- Kristen Michal
- Independence
- February 24, 1918
- Women in parliament
- 28.7% 2025
Key figures
- Population
- 1,366,475 2025
- Area
- 45,227 km²
- GDP
- $47B 2025
- GDP per person
- $34,418 2025
- Life expectancy
- 79.3 years 2024
Practical information
- Languages
- Estonian
- Currency
- Euro (EUR)
- Time zones
- UTC+3
- Calling code
- +372
- Emergency numbers
- 112
- Driving side
- Right
- Plug types
- C, F
- Mains voltage
- 230 V
Territory
- Sea access
- Has a coastline
- Coastline, km
- 3,794
- Neighbours
- Latvia, Russia
- Agricultural land
- 23% 2024
Elevation
- Highest point
- Suur Munamägi, 318 m
- Lowest point
- Baltic Sea, 0 m
- Mean elevation, m
- 61
Climate
- Average temperature in the capital, °C
- 6
- Warmest month in the capital
- July, 18°C
- Coldest month in the capital
- February, -5°C
- Precipitation, mm per year
- 626 2022
Population and migration
- Population density
- 30.2 per km² 2025
- Population growth per year
- -0.4% 2025
- Living in cities
- 70.7% 2025
- Net migration per year
- -13.4K 2025
- Born in another country
- 14.9% 2024
Age and life expectancy
- Aged 0–14
- 15.3% 2025
- Aged 15–64
- 62.9% 2025
- Aged 65 and over
- 21.8% 2025
- Life expectancy, women
- 83.7 years 2024
- Life expectancy, men
- 75.1 years 2024
Births and deaths
- Children per woman
- 1.2 2024
- Births per 1,000 people
- 7.1 2024
- Deaths per 1,000 people
- 11.5 2024
Society
- Religions
- no religion 58.4%, Orthodox 16.5%, Protestant 9.2%, and other 3% (2021)
Quality of governance (100 = best)
- Rule of law, score 0–100
- 82.3 2025
- Control of corruption, score 0–100
- 81.1 2025
- Government effectiveness, score 0–100
- 83 2025
- Regulatory quality, score 0–100
- 79.1 2025
- Voice and accountability, score 0–100
- 82.4 2025
Size and growth
- GDP per person at purchasing power parity
- $52,106 2025
- GDP growth per year
- +0.6% 2025
Income and prices
- Income level (World Bank)
- High income
- Gross national income per person
- $32,310 2025
- Inflation
- +4.8% 2025
- Price level, USA = 100
- 66 2025
Structure and jobs
- Agriculture, share of GDP
- 1.7% 2025
- Industry, share of GDP
- 19.7% 2025
- Services, share of GDP
- 65.8% 2025
- Unemployment
- 8.3% 2025
- Youth unemployment, ages 15–24
- 19.7% 2025
- Women in work or seeking work
- 61% 2025
Trade and finance
- Exports, share of GDP
- 78.4% 2025
- Imports, share of GDP
- 77.4% 2025
- Current account balance, share of GDP
- +0.4% 2025
- Foreign direct investment, share of GDP
- -2.2% 2025
- Remittances received, share of GDP
- 1.1% 2025
- Tax revenue, share of GDP
- 22.7% 2024
Poverty and inequality
- Gini index (0 = full equality)
- 30.7 2023
- Living on under $3 a day
- 0.3% 2023
Education
- Adult literacy
- 99.9% 2011
- Primary school enrolment
- 97.8% 2024
- Secondary school enrolment
- 109% 2024
- Higher education enrolment
- 65.7% 2024
- Public spending on education, share of GDP
- 5.2% 2022
Healthcare
- Health spending, share of GDP
- 7.8% 2024
- Health spending per person
- $2,438 2024
- Out-of-pocket health spending, share of total
- 21.4% 2024
- Doctors per 1,000 people
- 3.5 2022
- Nurses and midwives per 1,000 people
- 6.7 2023
- Hospital beds per 1,000 people
- 4.1 2023
- Children vaccinated against measles
- 83% 2024
Public health
- Infant deaths per 1,000 births
- 1.5 2024
- Deaths under age 5 per 1,000 births
- 2 2024
- Maternal deaths per 100,000 births
- 5 2023
- HIV prevalence, ages 15–49
- 0.7% 2024
- Diabetes prevalence, ages 20–79
- 6.9% 2024
- Overweight adults
- 57.2% 2022
- Adults who use tobacco
- 26.1% 2024
Living conditions
- Access to safe drinking water
- 100% 2024
- Access to basic sanitation
- 99% 2024
- Access to clean cooking fuels
- 96% 2024
Safety
- Homicides per 100,000 people
- 1.5 2023
- Road deaths per 100,000 people
- 4.5 2019
- Suicides per 100,000 people
- 14.9 2021
- Political stability and absence of violence, score 0–100
- 81.2 2025
- Natural hazards
- floods
Air and emissions
- Air pollution PM2.5, µg/m³
- 5.9 2023
- CO₂ emissions, tonnes per person
- 7.8 2024
- All greenhouse gases, tonnes CO₂e per person
- 10.3 2024
Nature and water
- Forest cover
- 57.3% 2024
- Protected areas
- 20.5% 2025
- Renewable fresh water, m³ per person
- 9,423 2022
- Water stress, share of fresh water withdrawn
- 13.1% 2022
Internet and communications
- Using the internet
- 92.2% 2024
- Mobile subscriptions per 100 people
- 151 2024
- Home broadband per 100 people
- 35.4 2024
- Internet domain
- .ee
Energy
- Access to electricity
- 100% 2024
- Electricity use, kWh per person
- 6,161 2025
- Renewable share of energy use
- 38% 2021
- Electricity from renewables
- 40% 2021
- Electricity from fossil fuels
- 43.2% 2025
Transport
- Air passengers per year
- 857 2019
- Airports
- 34 2025
- Railways, km
- 1,441 2020
Science and innovation
- Research spending, share of GDP
- 1.8% 2023
- Researchers per million people
- 4,800 2023
- Scientific articles per year
- 1,754 2023
- Patent applications by residents
- 27 2024
- High-tech share of manufactured exports
- 18.4% 2024