Spain

Country in Europe

In brief

Air pollution PM2.5, µg/m³: 10.1 (2023). World rank 46 of 200 (1 = best); in Europe, 18 of 43. Protected areas: 22.1% (2025). World rank 53 of 213 (1 = best); in Europe, 19 of 46. Water stress, share of fresh water withdrawn: 43.3% (2022). World rank 136 of 178 (1 = best); in Europe, 36 of 39. From 2015 to 2025: protected areas 14.1% → 22.1%.

Air and emissions

Air pollution PM2.5, µg/m³: 10.1 2023
CO₂ emissions, tonnes per person: 4.5 2024
All greenhouse gases, tonnes CO₂e per person: 5.9 2024

Nature and water

Forest cover: 38.2% 2024
Protected areas: 22.1% 2025
Renewable fresh water, m³ per person: 2,327 2022
Water stress, share of fresh water withdrawn: 43.3% 2022