Mongolia
Country in Asia
CountryScope
In brief
Population: 3.6M (2025). World rank 132 of 216; in Asia, 41 of 49. Area: 1,564,110 km². World rank 20 of 249; in Asia, 7 of 50. Life expectancy: 72.4 years (2024). World rank 132 of 216 (1 = best); in Asia, 34 of 49. From 2015 to 2025: population 3M → 3.6M, GDP $11.6B → $25.4B, and GDP per person $3,839 → $7,108. Worse than all its neighbours (China and Russia): life expectancy and GDP per person.
State
- Official name
- Mongolia
- Local name
- Монгол улс
- Capital
- Ulan Bator
- Region
- Asia
- Form of government
- Semi-presidential republic
- UN member
- Yes
- Head of state
- Khurelsukh Ukhnaa
- Head of government
- Uchral Nyam-Osor
- Independence
- December 29, 1911
- Women in parliament
- 25.4% 2025
Key figures
- Population
- 3,568,978 2025
- Area
- 1,564,110 km²
- GDP
- $25.4B 2025
- GDP per person
- $7,108 2025
- Life expectancy
- 72.4 years 2024
Practical information
- Languages
- Mongolian
- Currency
- Mongolian Tugrik (MNT)
- Time zones
- UTC+7, UTC+8
- Calling code
- +976
- Emergency numbers
- 101, 102, 103, 105
- Driving side
- Right
- Plug types
- C, E
- Mains voltage
- 220 V
Territory
- Sea access
- Landlocked
- Coastline, km
- 0
- Neighbours
- China, Russia
- Agricultural land
- 68.8% 2024
Elevation
- Highest point
- Hüiten Peak, 4,374 m
- Lowest point
- Hoh Nuur, 560 m
- Mean elevation, m
- 1,528
Climate
- Average temperature in the capital, °C
- -1
- Warmest month in the capital
- July, 17°C
- Coldest month in the capital
- January, -21°C
- Precipitation, mm per year
- 241 2022
Population and migration
- Population density
- 2.3 per km² 2025
- Population growth per year
- +1.3% 2025
- Living in cities
- 71.2% 2025
- Net migration per year
- +79 2025
- Born in another country
- 0.6% 2024
Age and life expectancy
- Aged 0–14
- 31.6% 2025
- Aged 15–64
- 63% 2025
- Aged 65 and over
- 5.4% 2025
- Life expectancy, women
- 77.1 years 2024
- Life expectancy, men
- 67.9 years 2024
Births and deaths
- Children per woman
- 2.5 2024
- Births per 1,000 people
- 16.9 2024
- Deaths per 1,000 people
- 5.5 2024
Society
- Religions
- Buddhist 51.8%, no religion 40.6%, Muslim 3.2%, folk religions 2.5%, and Christian 1.3% (2020)
Quality of governance (100 = best)
- Rule of law, score 0–100
- 56.7 2025
- Control of corruption, score 0–100
- 39 2025
- Government effectiveness, score 0–100
- 48.1 2025
- Regulatory quality, score 0–100
- 54.7 2025
- Voice and accountability, score 0–100
- 62 2025
Size and growth
- GDP per person at purchasing power parity
- $20,798 2025
- GDP growth per year
- +6.8% 2025
Income and prices
- Income level (World Bank)
- Upper-middle income
- Gross national income per person
- $6,210 2025
- Inflation
- +8.6% 2025
- Price level, USA = 100
- 34 2025
Structure and jobs
- Agriculture, share of GDP
- 8.9% 2025
- Industry, share of GDP
- 37.3% 2025
- Services, share of GDP
- 44.3% 2025
- Unemployment
- 5.2% 2025
- Youth unemployment, ages 15–24
- 11.7% 2025
- Women in work or seeking work
- 51.5% 2025
Trade and finance
- Exports, share of GDP
- 68.1% 2025
- Imports, share of GDP
- 62.6% 2025
- Current account balance, share of GDP
- -8.4% 2025
- Foreign direct investment, share of GDP
- +10.8% 2025
- Remittances received, share of GDP
- 2.2% 2025
- Tax revenue, share of GDP
- 16.9% 2024
Poverty and inequality
- Gini index (0 = full equality)
- 31.4 2022
- Living on under $3 a day
- 0.4% 2022
Education
- Adult literacy
- 98.6% 2024
- Primary school enrolment
- 92.3% 2024
- Secondary school enrolment
- 96.8% 2023
- Higher education enrolment
- 69% 2024
- Public spending on education, share of GDP
- 5.2% 2024
Healthcare
- Health spending, share of GDP
- 6.1% 2023
- Health spending per person
- $360 2023
- Out-of-pocket health spending, share of total
- 48.8% 2023
- Doctors per 1,000 people
- 4.1 2022
- Nurses and midwives per 1,000 people
- 4.2 2018
- Hospital beds per 1,000 people
- 8.6 2023
- Children vaccinated against measles
- 96% 2024
Public health
- Infant deaths per 1,000 births
- 11.2 2024
- Deaths under age 5 per 1,000 births
- 13.4 2024
- Maternal deaths per 100,000 births
- 41 2023
- HIV prevalence, ages 15–49
- 0.1% 2024
- Diabetes prevalence, ages 20–79
- 10.3% 2024
- Overweight adults
- 58.1% 2022
- Adults who use tobacco
- 29.5% 2024
Living conditions
- Access to safe drinking water
- 86.1% 2024
- Access to basic sanitation
- 74.3% 2024
- Access to clean cooking fuels
- 59% 2024
Safety
- Homicides per 100,000 people
- 5.9 2023
- Road deaths per 100,000 people
- 21 2019
- Suicides per 100,000 people
- 18.5 2021
- Political stability and absence of violence, score 0–100
- 75.5 2025
- Natural hazards
- droughts, dust and sand storms, and wildfires
Air and emissions
- Air pollution PM2.5, µg/m³
- 42.7 2023
- CO₂ emissions, tonnes per person
- 7.9 2024
- All greenhouse gases, tonnes CO₂e per person
- 29.6 2024
Nature and water
- Forest cover
- 9.1% 2024
- Protected areas
- 19.8% 2025
- Renewable fresh water, m³ per person
- 10,135 2022
- Water stress, share of fresh water withdrawn
- 3.4% 2022
Internet and communications
- Using the internet
- 85.1% 2024
- Mobile subscriptions per 100 people
- 141 2024
- Home broadband per 100 people
- 15.8 2024
- Internet domain
- .mn
Energy
- Access to electricity
- 99.1% 2024
- Electricity use, kWh per person
- 2,969 2024
- Renewable share of energy use
- 3% 2021
- Electricity from renewables
- 10.9% 2021
- Electricity from fossil fuels
- 90.4% 2024
Transport
- Air passengers per year
- 773,702 2023
- Airports
- 37 2025
- Railways, km
- 1,815 2017
Science and innovation
- Research spending, share of GDP
- 0.1% 2022
- Researchers per million people
- 535 2022
- Scientific articles per year
- 277 2023
- Patent applications by residents
- 89 2024
- High-tech share of manufactured exports
- 22.5% 2023